Moghazi S, Jones E, Schroepple J et al (2005) Correlation of renal histopathology with sonographic findings. Jones TB, Riddick LR, Harpen MD, Dubuisson RL, Samuels D (1983) Ultrasonographic determination of renal mass and renal volume. Accessed Įmamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Ytte L (1993) Kidney dimensions at sonography: correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers. Lucisano G, Comi N, Pelagi E, Cianfrone P, Fuiano L, Fuiano G (2015) Can renal sonography be a reliable diagnostic tool in the assessment of chronic kidney disease? J Ultrasound Med 34:299–306Īmerican College of Radiology Website (Revised 2007) ACR practice guideline for the performance of an ultrasound examination of the abdomen and/or retro-peritoneum (in collaboration with the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine AIUM). Granata A, Zanoli L, Insalaco M et al (2015) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in nephrology: has the time come for its widespread use? Clin Exp Nephrol 19:606–15ĭurand E, Chaumet-Riffaud P, Grenier N (2011) Functional renal imaging: new trends in radiology and nuclear medicine. Solomon RJ, Mehran R, Natarajan MK et al (2009) Contrast-induced nephropathy and long-term adverse events: cause and effect? Clin J Am SocNephrol 4:1162–1169Įbrahimi B, Textor SC, Lerman LO (2014) Renal relevant radiology: renal functional magnetic resonance imaging. ![]() ![]() Kooiman J, Pasha SM, Zondag W et al (2012) Meta-analysis: serum creatinine changes following contrast enhanced CT imaging. ![]() Contrib Nephrol 188:69–80īuturović-Ponikvar J, Visnar-Perovic A (2003) Ultrasonography in chronic renal failure. Meola M, Samoni S, Petrucci I (2016) Imaging in chronic kidney disease. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch F, Hsu CY (2004) Chronic kidney disease and risks of death, cardiovascular events and hospitalizations. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y et al (2005) Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO). National Kidney Foundation, K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease (2002) Evaluation, classification, and stratification. In this review, we will consider the morpho-functional features of the kidney in all nephropathies that may lead to progressive CKD. The timing and frequency of ultrasound scans in CKD patients should be evaluated case by case. ![]() As in acute renal injury and despite the lack of sensitivity, US–CDI is essential for assessing the progression of renal damage and related complications, and for evaluating all conditions that increase the risk of CKD, such as lithiasis, recurrent urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, polycystic kidney disease and obstructive nephropathy. The main difficulties in the differential diagnosis are encountered in multifactorial CKD, which is commonly presented to the nephrologist at stage 4–5, when the kidney is shrunken, unstructured and amorphous. Indeed, the end-stage kidney appears shrunken, reduced in volume (Ø < 9 cm), unstructured, amorphous, and with acquired cystic degeneration (small and multiple cysts involving the cortex and medulla) or nephrocalcinosis, but there are rare exceptions, such as polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, and secondary inflammatory nephropathies. During the progression of CKD, ultrasound imaging and color Doppler imaging (US–CDI) can differentiate the etiology of the renal damage in only 50–70% of cases. These conditions include immune and inflammatory disease such as: primary and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related glomerulonephritis infectious disease such as pyelonephritis with or without reflux and tuberculosis vascular disease such as chronic ischemic nephropathy hereditary and congenital disease such as polycystic disease and congenital cystic dysplasia metabolic disease including diabetes and hyperuricemia and systemic disease (collagen disease, vasculitis, myeloma). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) includes all clinical features and complications during the progression of various kidney conditions towards end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
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